The Role Of Initiation And Ligand Interaction Of Resting...

2.2.3 Role of VLA-4 in Costimulation Integrin receptor/ligand interactions provide a potent costimulatory signal to CD3-mediated T cell activation (Davis et al., 1990; Nguyen et al., 2008). Specifically, the VLA-4 mediated interaction of resting human CD4+ T lymphocytes with FN has been shown to promote CD3-mediated T cell proliferation (Shimizu et al., 1990). Coimmobilization with mAb to CD3 and FN consistently resulted in strong T cell proliferation. Other investigators showed that immobilized FN enhances anti-CD3 induced proliferation of both CD45RAdim (memory) and CD45RAHI (naà ¯ve) subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and that this effect was inhibited with a mAb against the ÃŽ ²1 subunit of VLA-4. Additionally, Nojima et al. showed that the A and B epitopes of VLA-4 play a key role in VLA-4 mediated T cell costimulation (Nojima et al., 1990). 2.3 Role of ÃŽ ±4-integrin in CNS immunocompetence 2.3.3 ÃŽ ±4-integrin Antagonism in EAE As previously described, leukocytes activated in the periphery are able to adhere to the endothelium of blood vessel walls in order to traffic into the CNS, where re-activation by antigen presentation from perivascular APC leads to inflammation. In 1992, Yednock et al., which would later develop a successful therapy for RRMS patients, made a revolutionary finding. They reported that lymphocytes and monocytes bound selectively to inflamed EAE brain vessels and that this could be reversed with antibodies against VLA-4 (Yednock et al., 1992). When tested inShow MoreRelatedInnate Immunity : An Early Phase Of Defence Mechanism Against Intruding Microorganisms5373 Words   |  22 Pagesprovides an early phase of defence mechanism against intruding microorganisms, mediated by phagocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), having the ability to distinguish between self and non-self (pathogens). The innate immune system recognises microorganisms by germ-line encoded pattern recogn ition receptors (PRRs), expressed on all types of cells. The metabolic products generated by microbial pathogens rather than the host allow the immune system to differentiate between the self and

The Modern Welfare State Essay - 2889 Words

Introduction Article 25 of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, (UNDHR) legitimizes the socio-economic rights of citizens of all nations as stated below: Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and his family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control† (Hartley Dean; 2004). The human subject is endemically vulnerable and to survive requires collective organized mechanism for mutual cooperation and support (Hartley Dean; 2004). To manage this endemic vulnerability the†¦show more content†¦A random Google search using the term â€Å"welfare state† will reveal multiple results. However the following three capture the essential elements across the social, economic and political schools of thoughts. They describe the welfare state as 1. A set of government program that attempt to provide economic security for populations by providing for the people when they are unemployed, ill or elderly. 2. A system whereby the state undertakes ostensibly to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial needs . 3. A state whose government devotes a very large proportion of its activities and expenditures to the direct provision of the personal benefits to be consumed by qualifying individuals or families, or governmental entities in the form of supplies, professional services, government issued stipends, allowances or subsidies. Central in all these definitions is the role of the state vis-à  -vis the citizens. The state has the responsibility to carter for its citizens irrespective of what the citizens do for the state. This means that the welfare state is not a give and take or a â€Å"two way game†. It is not based on any political agreement or pact between politicians, parties and the population to exchange votes in favour of welfare facilities. This should not be confused with the notion of a quasi-contract based on the principle of reciprocity, which places the emphasis on mutual obligation and responsibility between state andShow MoreRelatedLiberalism is define by the desire to minimise the role of the state, discuss.1515 Words   |  7 Pagesminimise the role of the state’ Discuss. Liberalism as an ideology revolves around the idea of freedom for the individual. The reason for this is due to the liberal’s view of human nature; they see the human being as unique and rational; able to make decisions in their best interest. Although all liberals agree on individual freedom, when it comes to the role of the state they are split down the middle. On one side there are the classic liberals who believe in as little state intervention as possibleRead MoreSocial Welfare Policy Of America1436 Words   |  6 PagesSocial welfare policy that is seen throughout America today has roots that are hundreds of years old. The modern policy in America has been based on five fundamental traditions that were brought from Britain when they colonized North America. Those five traditions are Calvinism, Localism, controlling the mobility of the workforce, reliance on poor houses and work houses, and less eligibility. These traditions will be defined and then connected to the infl uence they have had on the modern AmericanRead MoreDifferences Between Sweden And Denmark1257 Words   |  6 PagesTwo countries with high levels of homogeneity, the Scandinavian neighbors of Sweden and Denmark have faced many similar issues in dealing with modern immigration. Though Sweden welcomed immigrants earlier in its history than did Denmark, both governments and societies have had difficulties in integration and acculturation, particularly in welcoming mostly non-Western immigrants. In the last few decades, these problems have been inflamed by a series of human rights crises, particularly in the MiddleRead MoreSimilarities Between Classical and Modern Liberals Are Greater Than the Differences. Discuss1729 Words   |  7 PagesSimilarities between classical and modern liberalism are greater than the differences. Discuss. (45 marks) Typically, liberalism is categorised into two separate components; classical liberalism, which was fashioned during the 19th century as a result of the industrial revolution, and the more recent Modern Liberalism which emerged as industrialisation continued within the UK. Although both divisions of Liberalism unavoidably overlap in attitudes and approaches regarding the theory behind the ideologyRead MoreTo What Extent Has Modern Liberalism Departed from Classical Liberalism 40933 Words   |  4 PagesThere are huge differences between classical and modern liberalism and as a result classical liberals believe that modern liberals have not stayed true to initial ideas posed by the likes of John Locke given that modern liberals have embraced collectivism while classical liberals favoured pure individualism. But they are fundamentally both forms of liberalism so are united in their belief of freedom and rights of the individual but they have slightly different views on the type of free dom they supportRead MoreConservatism Vs. Classical Liberalism859 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States was founded on a basis of liberty and in the early 19th century, classical liberalism was the ideology that society thought would best protect individual liberties. Conservatism and classical liberalism often resemble each other in social and political ideas and ways of thinking. There are many factors that contribute to this resemblance between the two ideologies. Conservatism in the United States so often resembles classical liberalism because of the similarity in the beliefsRead MoreLiberalism is defined by the desire to minimise the role of the state. Discuss911 Words   |  4 Pagesdefined by the desire to minimise the role of the state.’ Discuss (45 marks) There are two types of Liberals; Classical, who want to minimise the state’s role, and Modern liberals who want a more involved state. Classical liberals want a limited state because they support negative freedom, as they believe it has; created a dependency culture, a potential nanny state, and cause damage to the economy. However, modern liberals want a more involved state because it increases the level of positive freedomRead MoreThe Similarities Between Classical and Modern Liberalism Are Greater Than the Differences1725 Words   |  7 PagesSimilarities between classical and modern liberalism are greater than the differences. Discuss. (45 marks) Typically, liberalism is categorised into two separate components; classical liberalism, which was fashioned during the 19th century as a result of the industrial revolution, and the more recent Modern Liberalism which emerged as industrialisation continued within the UK. Although both divisions of Liberalism unavoidably overlap in attitudes and approaches regarding the theory behind the ideologyRead MoreAnalysis Of George F. Gilder s Men And Marriage 1211 Words   |  5 PagesAuthor’s Background: George F. Gilder was a graduate of Harvard University and even served in the United States Marine Corps. His love for economics and writing landed him with a successful career as a speechwriter and later his skills allowed him to contribute to numerous economic reports in The Wall Street Journal. Upon researching the author, I was surprised to learn that Gilder wrote speeches for President Richard Nixon. The book, â€Å"Men and Marriage† (written in 1986) is a revised edition ofRead MoreThe Imperative Advantages Of Welfare879 Words   |  4 Pagesadvantages of welfare measures can be condensed as takes after: †¢ They give better physical and psychological wellness to labourers and along these lines advance a sound workplace Offices like lodging plans, health advantages, and instruction and diversion offices for labourers families help in raising their ways of life. †¢ This makes specialists to give careful consideration towards work and consequently builds their efficiency. †¢ Businesses get steady work power by giving welfare offices. Labourers

Engineering Free Essays

Roles Professionalism By Ezer Yeboah-Boateng 1Quote of the Week //** ? Working together for the common good of society†¦ 2Outline ?Introduction ?Roles of Engineers ?Engineers the Environment ?Engineers as Professionals ?Engineers Today 3Books Resources ? Engineering Social Justice, by Donna Riley, 2008; Morgan Claypool Publishers. ? Bridging the Gap Between Engineering the Global World: A Case Study of the Coconut (Coir) Fiber Industry in Kerala, India, by Shobha K. Bhatia Jennifer L. We will write a custom essay sample on Engineering or any similar topic only for you Order Now Smith, 2008; Morgan Claypool Publishers. 45 Learning Outcomes To explain the various roles that engineers play in society; ? To appreciate the professionalism of engineers in contributing to society. ? To position engineers to be proactive in meeting societal needs. Introduction How do people perceive engineers? 6Introduction ? Whatever the popular perception of an engineer, this lesson will focus on different roles of, and played by, engineers. ? Not exactly life overwhelmed by: ? calculations, ? designs (structural, hydrological, chips, fuzzy systems control; cyber-security, etc. ), ? drawings, ? Analysis, ? supervision of construction etc. 7Introduction Life as an engineer is more than this, and sometime he plays roles which on first impression are not linked to their professional training. ? It is stressed that the training received as an engineer is part of the reasons which an engineer can display his versatility. The Engineer is versatile! 8Roles of Engineers Various roles played by engineers include: ? Managers ? Scientists ? Experts ? Politicians ? Academics ? Others 9Roles of Engineers Engineers as Managers ? Who is a manager? ? Someone who plans, organizes, coordinates, controls, executes, and achieves the objectives that are entrusted upon him. Career progression ? Are engineers good managers? ? E. g. Alfred Sloan of General Motors – electrical engineer 10Roles of Engineers Engineers as Managers ? The management gurus: many of them were trained as engineers! ? Michael E Porter – â€Å"competitive advantage† – aeronautical/mechanical engineer ? W. Edward Deming – â€Å"quality† – electrical engineer ? Joseph Juran – â€Å"quality† – electrical engineer ? Henry Mintzberg – â€Å"strategic management† – mechanical engineer ? Tom Peters – â€Å"Excellence† – civil engineer ? F. W. Taylor – â€Å"scientific management†, â€Å" time motion study† – mechanical engineer (? ) Henry Fayol – â€Å"Industrial management† – mining engineer ? Henry Gantt – â€Å"Gantt chart† – mechanical engineer 11Roles of Engineers Engineers as Scientists ? Science and engineering are interlinked; it would not be wrong to say that engineering is applied science. (Science is the theoretical foundation of engineering? ) ? Paul Dirac – 1933 Nobel Prize Winner in Physics – trained as an electrical engineer 12Roles of Engineers Engineers as experts ? E. g. Giving expert opinions in court as to what could have been the cause(s) of the issues in dispute: Highland Tower tragedy, Dingo baby case; ? Melcom Achimota building disaster Forensic study 13Roles of Engineers Engineers as politicians ? Almost the entire Chinese leadership are engineers! ? Hu Jintao, fmr. Chinese Prez – Hydraulic engineer ? Boris Yelsin, fmr. Russian President – civil engineer ? Pro f. De Graft Johnson, fmr. V. P. , Ghana (1979-81) – civil engineer ? Aliu Mahama, fmr. V. P. , Ghana (2001-09) – building tech 14Roles of Engineers Engineers in Politics: Picture of the world politicians†¦. 15Roles of Engineers Engineers as academics ? Need I say more? 16Roles of Engineers Others ? Engineers as salesmen ? Engineers as entrepreneurs ? Engineers as lawyers? Engineers as Reverends or Pastors ? Etc. 17Engineers the Environment ? Engineers don’t operate in a vacuum: ? They are part and parcel of the society; ? They exist to meet the needs of society; ? They harness the resources of society; ? The environment include: ? The economical and commercial environment ? The social environment ? The political environment: the globalized world ? The cultural environment ? The legal environment 18Engineers as Professionals ? What is the expectation and relationship of engineers vis-a-vis the society? ? The answer is the Professional Engineer! ? Who is a p rofessional? What is a â€Å"profession†? 5 aspects: i. Nature of work: intellectual, mental vs. manual, specialized skills and knowledge ii. Moral aspect: this goes beyond general honesty, integrity, codes of conduct and ethics, â€Å"self regulation† iii. Collective organization: professional association, entry and competence, â€Å"accreditation† and â€Å"recognition† – e. g. Ghana Act 819, 2011. iv. Status v. Impartiality and independence 19Engineers of Today ? Engineers owe responsibility to ? the general public: safety, environment ? direct consumers of the project ? fellow engineers ? clients e. g. government, industry ? Engineers owe duty to themselves ? which are inherent in their works and institution to which they belong ? legal requirements: professional negligence ? contractual duties ? â€Å"the greater good† 20Engineers of Today ? Today’s engineer must have exposure to other fields of knowledge and skills (besides his specialty) in order to be able to properly discharge his functions: ? communication and presentation skills: oral and written ? economics and finance ? law ? presentation of self! ? Paradigm shift: ? Engineers should not merely respond to need: ? They should create or anticipate the needs and be leaders of society. They should have foresights for â€Å"unfulfilled needs†. 21Project Topics ? How can you apply the principles of Human Engineering to address the Cyber-crime menace in Ghana? ? OR ? How can Tertiary Students contribute to the Digital Inclusion in Ghana? ? 15 points ? Deadline: March 29, 2013 22Thank You All!!! ?Any comments contributions 23Roles Professionalism By Ezer Yeboah-Boateng 1Quote of the Week //** ? Working together for the common good of society†¦ 2Outline ?Introduction ?Roles of Engineers ?Engineers the Environment ?Engineers as Professionals ?Engineers Today 3Books Resources Engineering Social Justice, by Donna Riley, 2008; Morgan Claypool Publishers. ? B ridging the Gap Between Engineering the Global World: A Case Study of the Coconut (Coir) Fiber Industry in Kerala, India, by Shobha K. Bhatia Jennifer L. Smith, 2008; Morgan Claypool Publishers. 45 Learning Outcomes ? To explain the various roles that engineers play in society; ? To appreciate the professionalism of engineers in contributing to society. ? To position engineers to be proactive in meeting societal needs. Introduction How do people perceive engineers? 6Introduction Whatever the popular perception of an engineer, this lesson will focus on different roles of, and played by, engineers. ? Not exactly life overwhelmed by: ? calculations, ? designs (structural, hydrological, chips, fuzzy systems control; cyber-security, etc. ), ? drawings, ? Analysis, ? supervision of construction etc. 7Introduction ? Life as an engineer is more than this, and sometime he plays roles which on first impression are not linked to their professional training. ? It is stressed that the traini ng received as an engineer is part of the reasons which an engineer can display his versatility. The Engineer is versatile! Roles of Engineers Various roles played by engineers include: ? Managers ? Scientists ? Experts ? Politicians ? Academics ? Others 9Roles of Engineers Engineers as Managers ? Who is a manager? ? Someone who plans, organizes, coordinates, controls, executes, and achieves the objectives that are entrusted upon him. ? Career progression ? Are engineers good managers? ? E. g. Alfred Sloan of General Motors – electrical engineer 10Roles of Engineers Engineers as Managers ? The management gurus: many of them were trained as engineers! ? Michael E Porter – â€Å"competitive advantage† – aeronautical/mechanical engineer ? W. Edward Deming – â€Å"quality† – electrical engineer ? Joseph Juran – â€Å"quality† – electrical engineer ? Henry Mintzberg – â€Å"strategic management† – mechanical engineer ? Tom Peters – â€Å"Excellence† – civil engineer ? F. W. Taylor – â€Å"scientific management†, â€Å"time motion study† – mechanical engineer (? ) ? Henry Fayol – â€Å"Industrial management† – mining engineer ? Henry Gantt – â€Å"Gantt chart† – mechanical engineer 11Roles of Engineers Engineers as Scientists ? Science and engineering are interlinked; it would not be wrong to say that engineering is applied science. (Science is the theoretical foundation of engineering? ) Paul Dirac – 1933 Nobel Prize Winner in Physics – trained as an electrical engineer 12Roles of Engineers Engineers as experts ? E. g. Giving expert opinions in court as to w hat could have been the cause(s) of the issues in dispute: Highland Tower tragedy, Dingo baby case; ? Melcom Achimota building disaster ? Forensic study 13Roles of Engineers Engineers as politicians ? Almost the entire Chinese leadership are engineers! ? Hu Jintao, fmr. Chinese Prez – Hydraulic engineer ? Boris Yelsin, fmr. Russian President – civil engineer ? Prof. De Graft Johnson, fmr. V. P. , Ghana (1979-81) – civil engineer ? Aliu Mahama, fmr. V. P. , Ghana (2001-09) – building tech 14Roles of Engineers Engineers in Politics: Picture of the world politicians†¦. 15Roles of Engineers Engineers as academics ? Need I say more? 16Roles of Engineers Others ? Engineers as salesmen ? Engineers as entrepreneurs ? Engineers as lawyers? ? Engineers as Reverends or Pastors ? Etc. 17Engineers the Environment ? Engineers don’t operate in a vacuum: ? They are part and parcel of the society; ? They exist to meet the needs of society; ? They harness the resources of society; ? The environment include: ? The economical and commercial environment ? The social environment The political environment: the globalized world ? The cultural environment ? The legal environment 18Engineers as Professionals ? What is the expectation and relationship of engineers vis-a-vis the society? ? The answer is the Professional Engineer! ? Who is a professional? What is a â€Å"profession†? 5 aspects: i. Nature of work: intellectual, me ntal vs. manual, specialized skills and knowledge ii. Moral aspect: this goes beyond general honesty, integrity, codes of conduct and ethics, â€Å"self regulation† iii. Collective organization: professional association, entry and competence, â€Å"accreditation† and â€Å"recognition† – e. . Ghana Act 819, 2011. iv. Status v. Impartiality and independence 19Engineers of Today ? Engineers owe responsibility to ? the general public: safety, environment ? direct consumers of the project ? fellow engineers ? clients e. g. government, industry ? Engineers owe duty ? to themselves ? which are inherent in their works and institution to which they belong ? legal requirements: professional negligence ? contractual duties ? â€Å"the greater good† 20Engineers of Today ? Today’s engineer must have exposure to other fields of knowledge and skills (besides his specialty) in order to be able to properly discharge is functions: ? communication and present ation skills: oral and written ? economics and finance ? law ? presentation of self! ? Paradigm shift: ? Engineers should not merely respond to need: ? They should create or anticipate the needs and be leaders of society. ? They should have foresights for â€Å"unfulfilled needs†. 21Project Topics ? How can you apply the principles of Human Engineering to address the Cyber-crime menace in Ghana? ? OR ? How can Tertiary Students contribute to the Digital Inclusion in Ghana? ? 15 points ? Deadline: March 29, 2013 22Thank You All!!! ?Any comments contributions 23 How to cite Engineering, Essay examples

Consumer Behavior for Urbanization Structure- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theConsumer Behavior for Urbanization Structure. Answer: Introduction The report states that with the emerging trend in the urbanisation the scenario of the market and thereafter the overall country has been changed. The three premium trend has been discussed which include the population, life spam and lifestyle of the Australian citizens. The changing trend is based on the increasing globalisation scenario which gave birth to the online business and changing purchasing behaviour and habit of the consumers. The decision-making the quality of the consumer is enhanced. Thereafter the theories of consumer behaviour have been discussed in brief also that the marketer has the knowledge about how the consumer might behave and in what manner the marketer could deal with it positively and firmly. Urbanization structure The urbanization is the socialising and progression of rural life into the urban life. It is basically depicting the increased standard of living and growing status of the people in various countries. Arguing upon the future trend there are approximately 10 various trends which involve the demographic and social trends which affect the population and lifestyle of the Australia. The future predictions have been made and estimation for 2020 has been undertaken. The first and foremost trend that is seen to be increased is a boom in the population. In the year 2000, the population of Australia was 19 million and the population growth rate fall down by 1.2%. By the year 2009, the population growth rate was twice and it crossed the margins of 22 million populations. It is expected that by the year 2020 the population of Australia might hit the level of 27 million. The reason behind the increased population is the increase in a number of migrants within the nation and also due to the high b irth rate. Another emerging trend towards the urbanisation is ageing of the people that are the life expectancy of the citizens of Australia. In the year 1950, the population was around 7.9 million in which the people within the age of 65-75 were 5.8% that depicts the life expectancy of around 77 years. By the year 2010, the population grew to 22.3 million under which 7.6% population fall within the age group of 65-75 which resulted in increased life expectancy around 85 years. It is expected that on reaching the year 2050 the population will around 40 million were 10.6% population is counted within the age group of 65-75 which states that life expectancy in 2050 might reach the mark of 90years (Hornsby, 2017). The third emerging and popular trend is the lifestyle that Australian people carry. People in Australia love to hang out at the iconic beaches and celebrating the success without any worries and carrying the ego and attitude. With the emerging trend in the 21st century, the new sophistication has come up with the innovative and technological development. The world culture and lifestyle of the people have changed and they believe in celebrating the moments and became the culture clings. With the increasing population, the traditions and history of the culture have also been depicted to create the interest among the people to know more about the country and its values (Commonwealth of Australia, 2014). Impact of consumer behaviour The changing and emerging population and culture of the nation directly influence the lifestyle of people and with the growing spam of life and increasing standardisation the purchasing power of the consumer has also increased along with the tastes and fashion. In todays time, the consumers are not having the time to visit the differential stores for making divergent purchases. In the phase where liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation have emerged successfully there the import and export business are also flourishing and with the increasing EX-IM products the varieties and thereby the wide choices are made open in front of the consumers (Dobbs et al. 2016). With the opening of hypermarkets and supermarkets like Woolworth and Wesfarmers the tip to toe everything is made available under the single roof. People visit a single place which is technically known as organised retail markets. It fulfils all the needs of the consumer and even fulfils the entertainment purpose as well. Also after the evolution and emergence of online shopping people wisely make the purchasing decision and compare the products and services accordingly (Cohen, 2017). With the increase in awareness and enhancing knowledge new aspects of shopping are come up constantly. The research has stated that with the initiation of online shopping people have stopped purchasing out. Even the decision-making element of the consumer is changed, they prefer to make online purchases as the quality and reviews of the product are authentic and by making a comparison the best choice can be made and in case if the product does not suites the return policy are also easy and quick. The complaints could be posted and the immediate resolution and refund are given which makes the shopping fun and time-saving. With the introduction of urbanisation, the consumer behaviour has changed a lot. The study has shown that there is around 67% increase in the online shopping and the reason that rests beside is it is a convenient mode and there is security in making purchases as the sites paves the way to cash on delivery as well, in case if the people fear the leakage of bank and other monetary information (Yadav, 2016). Theories of consumer behaviour The consumer behaviour theories have been invented which assists in understanding the human behaviour in the better way. Whilst analysing the consumer behaviour the marketers can make wise choices in promoting the product and what manner the advertisement should be presented to attract maximum consumers in order to increase the sales and gaining major profit (Bernstein, 2016). For understanding the consumer behaviour thoroughly there is need to understand certain theories as discussed above. Other than this to select the market and the manner in which the consumer can be dealt the target market need to be made to analyse the choice, trend, purchasing power and desire of the consumers. Consumer behaviour could be analysed and targeted through the customer oriented strategies. Applying these strategies the market segmentation takes place and then the niche market or the ignored portion of the market is targeted. The consumer behaviour is the dynamic process their tastes changes with the innovation of something new. Their needs are never satisfied and it involves the study of various people. The decision making technique of the consumer is involved which depicts the factor that affects the decision portions of the consumers. The consumer behaviour also involves the emotional and coping aspects to arrive the buying decisions. The consumer referrals also play c rucial role in arriving to the decision. This lead towards the positioning of the brand and hence the development of marketer takes place (Hoyer, Macinnis Pieters, 2013). Conclusion Therefore, from the entire report, it could be concluded that with the increasing urbanisation the trends of population, lifestyle and lifespan of the Australian citizens are also changing. This has resulted in the diversifying consumer behaviour. With the introduction of LPG, the scope and awareness among the consumers have increased and market scenario has changed over time from local retailers to organised retail stores and now the era of online marketing and e-business has taken over the market. To understand the consumer behaviour is all time striking question which could be eased by using the consumer behaviour theories given by the researcher for creating the better understanding in the context of human behaviour. References Becattini, G. (2017). ? The Marshallian industrial district as a socio-economic notion?.Revue d'conomie industrielle, (1), 13-32. Bernstein. A. (2016). Consumer psychology: theories behind the science of marketing. Viewed on 27th September 2017. https://online.husson.edu/consumer-behavior-theories/. Cohen. G. (2017). Relevant marketing consumer behaviour theories. Viewed on 27th September 2017. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/relevant-marketing-consumer-behavior-theories-20800.html. Commonwealth of Australia. (2014). Trends: infrastructure and transport to 2030. Department of infrastructure and regional development. Australia. Dobbs. R. et al. (2016). Urban world: the global consumers to watch. Viewed on 27th September 2017. https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/urbanization/urban-world-the-global-consumers-to-watch. Gray, J. A., Eysenck, H. J. (Eds.). (2017).Pavlov's Typology: Recent Theoretical and Experimental Developments from the Laboratory of BM Teplov Institute of Psychology, Moscow(Vol. 1). Elsevier. Hornsby. (2017). 2020: looking to the future. Viewed on 27th September 2017. https://www.hornsby.nsw.gov.au/media/documents/our-community/community-atlas/2020-Looking-to-the-Future-trends-impacting-Aust-and-Hornsby-LGA.pdf. Hoyer, Maccins Pieters. (2013). Consumer Behavior. Cengage learning. Boston. McDonald, M., Gough, B., Wearing, S., Deville, A. (2017). Social Psychology, Consumer Culture and Neoliberal Political Economy.Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour. Rauch, S. L., Milad, M. R., Marci, C. D., Roffman, J. L., Pitman, R. K. (2017). Fear Conditioning Models and Psychoanalysis: from Theory to Treatment. Yadav. P. (2016). Urbanisation and changing consumer behaviour: the Indian story. Viewed on 27th September 2017. https://mpk732t12016clusterb.wordpress.com/2016/04/04/urbanisation-and-changing-consumer-behaviour-the-indian-story/.