Archaeological sites in the landscape

What are the main techniques used to identify archeological destinations in the scene? Basically survey the upsides and downsides of the strategies you distinguish using significant illustrations.The paleontologist utilizes an extent of procedures to effectively identify and turn up archeological locales inside the scene ; these techniques are non-obtrusive and non-damaging and fall into four wide classs: * Desk Top Surveys †¢ Surface Surveys * Geophysical and Geochemical contemplates †¢ Aerial Surveys ( Grant et Al, 2002. p5 ) . In add-on to these, a few locales might be found by circumstance, for delineation when quarrying, digging and peat film altering or only out in strolling in the scene. These wide classs all supplement one another and the most pertinent strategies in each occasion will rely upon the landscape of the nation being researched and the assets and clasp accessible for test. In addition, the requests being solicited and the evaluation from truth required will hold an outcome on how these strategies are utilized ( Greene. 1991. p54 ) .Desk Top Surveys:The work area study is office based and utilizes bing paperss, for example, maps, authentic paperss, old archeological records, pictures and writing, all of which would all be able to flexibly suggestions and notices to archeological destinations. Maps can be utilized to turn up destinations, and are among the most fundamental assets accessible to the paleologist. Mid sixteenth century maps are non ever proportional however can be extremely util e, Ordnance Survey began printing maps in the mid nineteenth century and, by dissecting a succession of maps of a nation, much can be gained from the changes in utilization of the land and buildings. ( Grant et Al, 2002. p8 ) . Old offering maps and terriers, typically found among the workss and records partner to the possession and heading of bequests and belongingss, may offer infiltration about overlooked locales ( Barker, 1993 ) . In spite of the fact that the main part of early records have non made due, there is as yet a wide extent of accessible which the paleologist may occur of worth. Legitimate records, including volitions and court records, can gracefully limits of proprietorship and clues to the maps of buildings. The Domesday Book and other income improvement records and offering grants can put the monetary use and limits of land, Pictorial records such photos pictures, and inscriptions, and unmistakable narratives written in books, diaries and travelogs would all be able to be of significant worth. Of curious association is crafted by William Stukeley ( 1687 †1785 ) , an exact and attentive chronicle hardware who voyaged widely all through Britain, and William Camden ( 1551 †1623 ) , whose intensive and expand portrayals were distributed in the main general attendant to the relics in Britain, ‘Britannia ‘ in 1585 ( Greene pp24 †27 ) . These records can be unreservedly found in historical centers, libraries and private accumulations and may offer an uncommon record of an archeological trademark. Detailss of any old archeological diggings, disclosures and old examination results are totally held in neighborhood SMR and national NMR workplaces and can offer understanding into potential locales for geographic endeavor. There is as often as possible much truth covered up in the tales and accounts of classical times and an overview of these may flexibly an indication to an overlooked or topographic point. Most conventions and fantasies are established on existent individuals and topographic focuses which, over clasp, can go exaggerated and unbelievable. ( Grant et al. 2002. p8 ) . By filtering the weaving from these legends the classicist is as often as possible left with an accommodating genuine portrayal. This is a reasonable and strong way of harvesting data, yet it very well may be cut eating up. During interviews with nearby tenants in Kythera, Greece an enormous total of narrative data was produced on the utilization of the scene of the island, its ‘ spurning and reuse, and the associations between individuals, humble communities and temples which all assisted with placing archeological work into setting ( Johnson and A ; Wilson. 2003 ) . The work area study is of exceptional worth where tests are bit of the arranging method to decide if there are probably going to be archeological remains which could be lost or undermined as a bit of the building and advancement of the land. ( Grant et al 2002. p6 ) . Numerous chronicled records are allowed to course and can be found in libraries, galleries, County Records and Archives Offices, on the internet, at Local and National Sites and Monuments Records workplaces and in private aggregations.Surface Surveys.These are visual examinations which try to happen traces of potential destinations and are completed, most ordinarily, on pes. A surface report can be deliberate or unsystematic, in spite of the fact that the most regularly utilized, is an orderly assault ( Renfrew and A ; Bahn. 2008. p78 ) . The goal is to do an investigation of archeological disclosures inside a nation to discover on the off chance that they may demonstrate to past human action ( Lynch. 2006 ) . A framewo rk is generally spread out on the land to help work and a crew of Walkers go over every nation on the matrix, entering locales and revelations. The general record of the sorts and spread of the antiquities found can give a decent idea of the age of a site and its conceivable old usages ( Adkins et al 2008 ) . Fieldwalking is a viable and nearly reasonable way of evaluating land and has a basic topographic point in the find of archeological locales. When the disclosures are distinguished and investigated, the informations can other than help to flexibly data about the day of the long stretch of a site and its potential maps. Results are all things considered progressively reliable where the part is strolled over and over as a drawn out endeavor ( Renfrew and A ; Bahn. 2008. p 79 ) . It holds a few limitations in that extraordinary fieldwalkers may hold differential kinds of accumulation over a similar sight. Fieldwalking works best on cultivable land, yet should be completed now and again in the cultivable mood when vegetation is low. ( Grant 2002 ) . Tesserae discovered during field strolling at Rowler Manor in Croughton, Northamptonshire prompted the find in 1991 of a Roman Villa alongside a Mosaic clearing ( Dawson, 2008 )Geochemical and Geophysical SurveysThe action of universes altoge ther adjusts the geochemical making out of soil, and the paleologist can use substance testing to discover nations of progress to the earth by human movement. The most widely recognized geophysical preliminary is phosphate examination. This concoction is available in most living things and the nearness of tamed energize creatures, individuals and workss in a scene will expand the grouping of phosphates in that scene. Zones of high impregnation of phosphates can so be investigated farther to decide the hugeness of the movement ( Renfrew and A ; Bahn. 2008. p105 ) . At Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion in Wales, geochemical investigation was utilized to find that internments on this Early Christian Burial site could be distinguished using phosphate examination and conceivable grave locales of farther burials were recorded ( Murphy 1992 ) . Geophysical reviewing has grown well throughout the last scarcely any mature ages and is utilized with extraordinary achievement in archeological site prospection. There are two boss techniques for geophysical looking over, these are electrical resistively and magnetometery ( Bowden 1999. P 120 ) . Resistivity evaluating includes go throughing an electrical flow through examination set into the land, and depends on the capacity of sub-surface stuffs to carry on that flow, By and huge, higher restriction attributes, for example, inhumed dividers have a constrained wet substance and infilled trench and holes which hold wet will give lower readings. ( Reference ) The procedure is especially fit to the find of rock developments. Its prosperity is influenced by nearby geography what's more the conditions. Extremely dry or truly wet conditions, each piece great as vacillations in the temperature can affect the nature of the outcomes as they influence pace of stream of the electric flow. The electric opposition hardware is substantial to use and the examination can take some clasp to complete, yet this is a cost adequate technique for study. Polarized Fe oxides are available in the soil and past human movement modifies and redistributes these, making more grounded and more vulnerable reactions which can be identified as attractive anomalousnesss. It is extremely convenient and useful for fast studying of land. The results created can be truly detailed and they are extremely utile for setting inhumed trench, pits, ovens and chimneys. ( Reference ) The undersoil of the land can follow up on the results ; the most antiphonal soils being are chalks and limestone. Molten undersoils are the most difficult to investigate with this procedure and the results on mud soils can be flighty. Electric opposition and magnetometry strategies were utilized in karstic landscapes in County Cork, Ireland, which distinguished the spot of a previously obscure cavern ( Gibson et al, 2004 ) . A figure of more current methods including Ground Penetrating Radar ( GPR ) and Geographic Information Systems ( GIS ) are other than accessible and going well known apparatuses for the paleontologist. GPR was produced for use in protection instrument and innovation. It is a costly system and is of most prominent worth where covered sedimentations are near the outside of the earth. It has the advantage that it can take readings through landing area surfaces, and consequently is utile in urban situations ( Grant et al. 2002 ) . GIS is an amazing automated capacity framework with the capacity to break down quantitative informations, which is utile for plotting spreads of disclosures and preliminary speculation. GIS was solidly utilized at Tel Shiqmona, Israel, to carry on seaside and marine examinations and to quantify the intensity of Maritime exchanging with the Phoenicians ( Breman. 2003 )Aerial SurveiesThe use of airborne picture taking was spearheaded by O G S Crawford, an Archeol ogist and Observer in the Royal Flying Co

Abraham Lincoln: Issued the Emancipation Proclamation Essay

Many may state eh compounded the situation, yet I ask to contend. Abraham Lincoln is the explanation behind the common war individuals state, yet look where it got us! The association won, and the slaves are free. During the Civil war (1861-1865) numerous activities happened. At the point when Lincoln was chosen President in 1861 South Carolina withdrew followed by 6 different satiates, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. Four different states took steps to withdraw too. At that point a month after the 7 withdrew they framed a Government. Later on March fourth when Lincoln was chosen he said that he didn’t need to remove subjection from the states that previously had servitude existing and regular in their state. He additionally said that he would not bargain or aside from withdrawal either. Fortress Sumter began the Civil war. See more: Is the Importance of being sincere an ironical play paper Lincoln was sending supplies to Fort Sumter and let them know before hand so they would know. At the point when they arrived South Carolina dreaded a stunt, so they said they would take the provisions at that point give up, yet his offer was not taken, and that is the point at which the main shot was discharged. April 12, 1861 the Civil War had started. On January 27th, 1862 Lincoln permitted the Union to dispatch bound together forceful activity against the Confederacy. January 1863 Lincoln gave the Emancipation Proclamation that liberated the slaves in the states that were still in resistance on January first 1863. The Gettysburg Battlefield was devoted as a national burial ground, this was a gigantic war. More than 54 thousand fighters were slaughtered. The south wasn’t sufficient, and the North succeeded. On April seventh 1865 General Grant called upon General Lee to give up. Lee sent home his soldiers and the Civil War finished. Numerous fights were battled and the Union prevailed upon the Confederate. On April fourteenth President Abraham Lincoln was killed by John Wilkes Booth. John was fixated on avenging the Confederate annihilation.

The 3 Most Common College Essay Topics Why CEAs Founder Thinks You Should Write About Them Anyway - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts

The 3 Most Common College Essay Topics Why CEAs Founder Thinks You Should Write About Them Anyway - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts The 3 Most Common College Essay Topics: Why CEAs Founder Thinks You Should Write About Them Anyway The 3 Most Common College Essay Topics: Why CEAs Founder Thinks You Should Write About Them Anyway The whole point of writing a college essay is to differentiate yourself from other applicants and place yourself ahead of the pack. For this reason, many students shy away from writing about common college essay topics. CEAs Founder and Chief Advisor, Stacey Brook, believes this doesnt have to be the case. Stacey recently published an article on USA Today explaining why theres no such thing as an off-limits essay topic and giving insight into how to put a personal touch  on a topic that is often considered to be overdone. Her tips include keeping your audience in mind, mastering your personal spin, and fleshing out the details. So dont trash any of your brainstorming ideas yet! As they say, the college essay magic  is in the details. About Kat StubingView all posts by Kat Stubing »

The Role Of Initiation And Ligand Interaction Of Resting...

2.2.3 Role of VLA-4 in Costimulation Integrin receptor/ligand interactions provide a potent costimulatory signal to CD3-mediated T cell activation (Davis et al., 1990; Nguyen et al., 2008). Specifically, the VLA-4 mediated interaction of resting human CD4+ T lymphocytes with FN has been shown to promote CD3-mediated T cell proliferation (Shimizu et al., 1990). Coimmobilization with mAb to CD3 and FN consistently resulted in strong T cell proliferation. Other investigators showed that immobilized FN enhances anti-CD3 induced proliferation of both CD45RAdim (memory) and CD45RAHI (naà ¯ve) subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and that this effect was inhibited with a mAb against the ÃŽ ²1 subunit of VLA-4. Additionally, Nojima et al. showed that the A and B epitopes of VLA-4 play a key role in VLA-4 mediated T cell costimulation (Nojima et al., 1990). 2.3 Role of ÃŽ ±4-integrin in CNS immunocompetence 2.3.3 ÃŽ ±4-integrin Antagonism in EAE As previously described, leukocytes activated in the periphery are able to adhere to the endothelium of blood vessel walls in order to traffic into the CNS, where re-activation by antigen presentation from perivascular APC leads to inflammation. In 1992, Yednock et al., which would later develop a successful therapy for RRMS patients, made a revolutionary finding. They reported that lymphocytes and monocytes bound selectively to inflamed EAE brain vessels and that this could be reversed with antibodies against VLA-4 (Yednock et al., 1992). When tested inShow MoreRelatedInnate Immunity : An Early Phase Of Defence Mechanism Against Intruding Microorganisms5373 Words   |  22 Pagesprovides an early phase of defence mechanism against intruding microorganisms, mediated by phagocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), having the ability to distinguish between self and non-self (pathogens). The innate immune system recognises microorganisms by germ-line encoded pattern recogn ition receptors (PRRs), expressed on all types of cells. The metabolic products generated by microbial pathogens rather than the host allow the immune system to differentiate between the self and

The Modern Welfare State Essay - 2889 Words

Introduction Article 25 of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, (UNDHR) legitimizes the socio-economic rights of citizens of all nations as stated below: Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and his family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control† (Hartley Dean; 2004). The human subject is endemically vulnerable and to survive requires collective organized mechanism for mutual cooperation and support (Hartley Dean; 2004). To manage this endemic vulnerability the†¦show more content†¦A random Google search using the term â€Å"welfare state† will reveal multiple results. However the following three capture the essential elements across the social, economic and political schools of thoughts. They describe the welfare state as 1. A set of government program that attempt to provide economic security for populations by providing for the people when they are unemployed, ill or elderly. 2. A system whereby the state undertakes ostensibly to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial needs . 3. A state whose government devotes a very large proportion of its activities and expenditures to the direct provision of the personal benefits to be consumed by qualifying individuals or families, or governmental entities in the form of supplies, professional services, government issued stipends, allowances or subsidies. Central in all these definitions is the role of the state vis-à  -vis the citizens. The state has the responsibility to carter for its citizens irrespective of what the citizens do for the state. This means that the welfare state is not a give and take or a â€Å"two way game†. It is not based on any political agreement or pact between politicians, parties and the population to exchange votes in favour of welfare facilities. This should not be confused with the notion of a quasi-contract based on the principle of reciprocity, which places the emphasis on mutual obligation and responsibility between state andShow MoreRelatedLiberalism is define by the desire to minimise the role of the state, discuss.1515 Words   |  7 Pagesminimise the role of the state’ Discuss. Liberalism as an ideology revolves around the idea of freedom for the individual. The reason for this is due to the liberal’s view of human nature; they see the human being as unique and rational; able to make decisions in their best interest. Although all liberals agree on individual freedom, when it comes to the role of the state they are split down the middle. 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Though Sweden welcomed immigrants earlier in its history than did Denmark, both governments and societies have had difficulties in integration and acculturation, particularly in welcoming mostly non-Western immigrants. In the last few decades, these problems have been inflamed by a series of human rights crises, particularly in the MiddleRead MoreSimilarities Between Classical and Modern Liberals Are Greater Than the Differences. Discuss1729 Words   |  7 PagesSimilarities between classical and modern liberalism are greater than the differences. Discuss. (45 marks) Typically, liberalism is categorised into two separate components; classical liberalism, which was fashioned during the 19th century as a result of the industrial revolution, and the more recent Modern Liberalism which emerged as industrialisation continued within the UK. 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Conservatism and classical liberalism often resemble each other in social and political ideas and ways of thinking. There are many factors that contribute to this resemblance between the two ideologies. Conservatism in the United States so often resembles classical liberalism because of the similarity in the beliefsRead MoreLiberalism is defined by the desire to minimise the role of the state. Discuss911 Words   |  4 Pagesdefined by the desire to minimise the role of the state.’ Discuss (45 marks) There are two types of Liberals; Classical, who want to minimise the state’s role, and Modern liberals who want a more involved state. Classical liberals want a limited state because they support negative freedom, as they believe it has; created a dependency culture, a potential nanny state, and cause damage to the economy. 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His love for economics and writing landed him with a successful career as a speechwriter and later his skills allowed him to contribute to numerous economic reports in The Wall Street Journal. Upon researching the author, I was surprised to learn that Gilder wrote speeches for President Richard Nixon. The book, â€Å"Men and Marriage† (written in 1986) is a revised edition ofRead MoreThe Imperative Advantages Of Welfare879 Words   |  4 Pagesadvantages of welfare measures can be condensed as takes after: †¢ They give better physical and psychological wellness to labourers and along these lines advance a sound workplace Offices like lodging plans, health advantages, and instruction and diversion offices for labourers families help in raising their ways of life. †¢ This makes specialists to give careful consideration towards work and consequently builds their efficiency. †¢ Businesses get steady work power by giving welfare offices. Labourers

Engineering Free Essays

Roles Professionalism By Ezer Yeboah-Boateng 1Quote of the Week //** ? Working together for the common good of society†¦ 2Outline ?Introduction ?Roles of Engineers ?Engineers the Environment ?Engineers as Professionals ?Engineers Today 3Books Resources ? Engineering Social Justice, by Donna Riley, 2008; Morgan Claypool Publishers. ? Bridging the Gap Between Engineering the Global World: A Case Study of the Coconut (Coir) Fiber Industry in Kerala, India, by Shobha K. Bhatia Jennifer L. We will write a custom essay sample on Engineering or any similar topic only for you Order Now Smith, 2008; Morgan Claypool Publishers. 45 Learning Outcomes To explain the various roles that engineers play in society; ? To appreciate the professionalism of engineers in contributing to society. ? To position engineers to be proactive in meeting societal needs. Introduction How do people perceive engineers? 6Introduction ? Whatever the popular perception of an engineer, this lesson will focus on different roles of, and played by, engineers. ? Not exactly life overwhelmed by: ? calculations, ? designs (structural, hydrological, chips, fuzzy systems control; cyber-security, etc. ), ? drawings, ? Analysis, ? supervision of construction etc. 7Introduction Life as an engineer is more than this, and sometime he plays roles which on first impression are not linked to their professional training. ? It is stressed that the training received as an engineer is part of the reasons which an engineer can display his versatility. The Engineer is versatile! 8Roles of Engineers Various roles played by engineers include: ? Managers ? Scientists ? Experts ? Politicians ? Academics ? Others 9Roles of Engineers Engineers as Managers ? Who is a manager? ? Someone who plans, organizes, coordinates, controls, executes, and achieves the objectives that are entrusted upon him. Career progression ? Are engineers good managers? ? E. g. Alfred Sloan of General Motors – electrical engineer 10Roles of Engineers Engineers as Managers ? The management gurus: many of them were trained as engineers! ? Michael E Porter – â€Å"competitive advantage† – aeronautical/mechanical engineer ? W. Edward Deming – â€Å"quality† – electrical engineer ? Joseph Juran – â€Å"quality† – electrical engineer ? Henry Mintzberg – â€Å"strategic management† – mechanical engineer ? Tom Peters – â€Å"Excellence† – civil engineer ? F. W. Taylor – â€Å"scientific management†, â€Å" time motion study† – mechanical engineer (? ) Henry Fayol – â€Å"Industrial management† – mining engineer ? Henry Gantt – â€Å"Gantt chart† – mechanical engineer 11Roles of Engineers Engineers as Scientists ? Science and engineering are interlinked; it would not be wrong to say that engineering is applied science. (Science is the theoretical foundation of engineering? ) ? Paul Dirac – 1933 Nobel Prize Winner in Physics – trained as an electrical engineer 12Roles of Engineers Engineers as experts ? E. g. Giving expert opinions in court as to what could have been the cause(s) of the issues in dispute: Highland Tower tragedy, Dingo baby case; ? Melcom Achimota building disaster Forensic study 13Roles of Engineers Engineers as politicians ? Almost the entire Chinese leadership are engineers! ? Hu Jintao, fmr. Chinese Prez – Hydraulic engineer ? Boris Yelsin, fmr. Russian President – civil engineer ? Pro f. De Graft Johnson, fmr. V. P. , Ghana (1979-81) – civil engineer ? Aliu Mahama, fmr. V. P. , Ghana (2001-09) – building tech 14Roles of Engineers Engineers in Politics: Picture of the world politicians†¦. 15Roles of Engineers Engineers as academics ? Need I say more? 16Roles of Engineers Others ? Engineers as salesmen ? Engineers as entrepreneurs ? Engineers as lawyers? Engineers as Reverends or Pastors ? Etc. 17Engineers the Environment ? Engineers don’t operate in a vacuum: ? They are part and parcel of the society; ? They exist to meet the needs of society; ? They harness the resources of society; ? The environment include: ? The economical and commercial environment ? The social environment ? The political environment: the globalized world ? The cultural environment ? The legal environment 18Engineers as Professionals ? What is the expectation and relationship of engineers vis-a-vis the society? ? The answer is the Professional Engineer! ? Who is a p rofessional? What is a â€Å"profession†? 5 aspects: i. Nature of work: intellectual, mental vs. manual, specialized skills and knowledge ii. Moral aspect: this goes beyond general honesty, integrity, codes of conduct and ethics, â€Å"self regulation† iii. Collective organization: professional association, entry and competence, â€Å"accreditation† and â€Å"recognition† – e. g. Ghana Act 819, 2011. iv. Status v. Impartiality and independence 19Engineers of Today ? Engineers owe responsibility to ? the general public: safety, environment ? direct consumers of the project ? fellow engineers ? clients e. g. government, industry ? Engineers owe duty to themselves ? which are inherent in their works and institution to which they belong ? legal requirements: professional negligence ? contractual duties ? â€Å"the greater good† 20Engineers of Today ? Today’s engineer must have exposure to other fields of knowledge and skills (besides his specialty) in order to be able to properly discharge his functions: ? communication and presentation skills: oral and written ? economics and finance ? law ? presentation of self! ? Paradigm shift: ? Engineers should not merely respond to need: ? They should create or anticipate the needs and be leaders of society. They should have foresights for â€Å"unfulfilled needs†. 21Project Topics ? How can you apply the principles of Human Engineering to address the Cyber-crime menace in Ghana? ? OR ? How can Tertiary Students contribute to the Digital Inclusion in Ghana? ? 15 points ? Deadline: March 29, 2013 22Thank You All!!! ?Any comments contributions 23Roles Professionalism By Ezer Yeboah-Boateng 1Quote of the Week //** ? Working together for the common good of society†¦ 2Outline ?Introduction ?Roles of Engineers ?Engineers the Environment ?Engineers as Professionals ?Engineers Today 3Books Resources Engineering Social Justice, by Donna Riley, 2008; Morgan Claypool Publishers. ? B ridging the Gap Between Engineering the Global World: A Case Study of the Coconut (Coir) Fiber Industry in Kerala, India, by Shobha K. Bhatia Jennifer L. Smith, 2008; Morgan Claypool Publishers. 45 Learning Outcomes ? To explain the various roles that engineers play in society; ? To appreciate the professionalism of engineers in contributing to society. ? To position engineers to be proactive in meeting societal needs. Introduction How do people perceive engineers? 6Introduction Whatever the popular perception of an engineer, this lesson will focus on different roles of, and played by, engineers. ? Not exactly life overwhelmed by: ? calculations, ? designs (structural, hydrological, chips, fuzzy systems control; cyber-security, etc. ), ? drawings, ? Analysis, ? supervision of construction etc. 7Introduction ? Life as an engineer is more than this, and sometime he plays roles which on first impression are not linked to their professional training. ? It is stressed that the traini ng received as an engineer is part of the reasons which an engineer can display his versatility. The Engineer is versatile! Roles of Engineers Various roles played by engineers include: ? Managers ? Scientists ? Experts ? Politicians ? Academics ? Others 9Roles of Engineers Engineers as Managers ? Who is a manager? ? Someone who plans, organizes, coordinates, controls, executes, and achieves the objectives that are entrusted upon him. ? Career progression ? Are engineers good managers? ? E. g. Alfred Sloan of General Motors – electrical engineer 10Roles of Engineers Engineers as Managers ? The management gurus: many of them were trained as engineers! ? Michael E Porter – â€Å"competitive advantage† – aeronautical/mechanical engineer ? W. Edward Deming – â€Å"quality† – electrical engineer ? Joseph Juran – â€Å"quality† – electrical engineer ? Henry Mintzberg – â€Å"strategic management† – mechanical engineer ? Tom Peters – â€Å"Excellence† – civil engineer ? F. W. Taylor – â€Å"scientific management†, â€Å"time motion study† – mechanical engineer (? ) ? Henry Fayol – â€Å"Industrial management† – mining engineer ? Henry Gantt – â€Å"Gantt chart† – mechanical engineer 11Roles of Engineers Engineers as Scientists ? Science and engineering are interlinked; it would not be wrong to say that engineering is applied science. (Science is the theoretical foundation of engineering? ) Paul Dirac – 1933 Nobel Prize Winner in Physics – trained as an electrical engineer 12Roles of Engineers Engineers as experts ? E. g. Giving expert opinions in court as to w hat could have been the cause(s) of the issues in dispute: Highland Tower tragedy, Dingo baby case; ? Melcom Achimota building disaster ? Forensic study 13Roles of Engineers Engineers as politicians ? Almost the entire Chinese leadership are engineers! ? Hu Jintao, fmr. Chinese Prez – Hydraulic engineer ? Boris Yelsin, fmr. Russian President – civil engineer ? Prof. De Graft Johnson, fmr. V. P. , Ghana (1979-81) – civil engineer ? Aliu Mahama, fmr. V. P. , Ghana (2001-09) – building tech 14Roles of Engineers Engineers in Politics: Picture of the world politicians†¦. 15Roles of Engineers Engineers as academics ? Need I say more? 16Roles of Engineers Others ? Engineers as salesmen ? Engineers as entrepreneurs ? Engineers as lawyers? ? Engineers as Reverends or Pastors ? Etc. 17Engineers the Environment ? Engineers don’t operate in a vacuum: ? They are part and parcel of the society; ? They exist to meet the needs of society; ? They harness the resources of society; ? The environment include: ? The economical and commercial environment ? The social environment The political environment: the globalized world ? The cultural environment ? The legal environment 18Engineers as Professionals ? What is the expectation and relationship of engineers vis-a-vis the society? ? The answer is the Professional Engineer! ? Who is a professional? What is a â€Å"profession†? 5 aspects: i. Nature of work: intellectual, me ntal vs. manual, specialized skills and knowledge ii. Moral aspect: this goes beyond general honesty, integrity, codes of conduct and ethics, â€Å"self regulation† iii. Collective organization: professional association, entry and competence, â€Å"accreditation† and â€Å"recognition† – e. . Ghana Act 819, 2011. iv. Status v. Impartiality and independence 19Engineers of Today ? Engineers owe responsibility to ? the general public: safety, environment ? direct consumers of the project ? fellow engineers ? clients e. g. government, industry ? Engineers owe duty ? to themselves ? which are inherent in their works and institution to which they belong ? legal requirements: professional negligence ? contractual duties ? â€Å"the greater good† 20Engineers of Today ? Today’s engineer must have exposure to other fields of knowledge and skills (besides his specialty) in order to be able to properly discharge is functions: ? communication and present ation skills: oral and written ? economics and finance ? law ? presentation of self! ? Paradigm shift: ? Engineers should not merely respond to need: ? They should create or anticipate the needs and be leaders of society. ? They should have foresights for â€Å"unfulfilled needs†. 21Project Topics ? How can you apply the principles of Human Engineering to address the Cyber-crime menace in Ghana? ? OR ? How can Tertiary Students contribute to the Digital Inclusion in Ghana? ? 15 points ? Deadline: March 29, 2013 22Thank You All!!! ?Any comments contributions 23 How to cite Engineering, Essay examples

Consumer Behavior for Urbanization Structure- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theConsumer Behavior for Urbanization Structure. Answer: Introduction The report states that with the emerging trend in the urbanisation the scenario of the market and thereafter the overall country has been changed. The three premium trend has been discussed which include the population, life spam and lifestyle of the Australian citizens. The changing trend is based on the increasing globalisation scenario which gave birth to the online business and changing purchasing behaviour and habit of the consumers. The decision-making the quality of the consumer is enhanced. Thereafter the theories of consumer behaviour have been discussed in brief also that the marketer has the knowledge about how the consumer might behave and in what manner the marketer could deal with it positively and firmly. Urbanization structure The urbanization is the socialising and progression of rural life into the urban life. It is basically depicting the increased standard of living and growing status of the people in various countries. Arguing upon the future trend there are approximately 10 various trends which involve the demographic and social trends which affect the population and lifestyle of the Australia. The future predictions have been made and estimation for 2020 has been undertaken. The first and foremost trend that is seen to be increased is a boom in the population. In the year 2000, the population of Australia was 19 million and the population growth rate fall down by 1.2%. By the year 2009, the population growth rate was twice and it crossed the margins of 22 million populations. It is expected that by the year 2020 the population of Australia might hit the level of 27 million. The reason behind the increased population is the increase in a number of migrants within the nation and also due to the high b irth rate. Another emerging trend towards the urbanisation is ageing of the people that are the life expectancy of the citizens of Australia. In the year 1950, the population was around 7.9 million in which the people within the age of 65-75 were 5.8% that depicts the life expectancy of around 77 years. By the year 2010, the population grew to 22.3 million under which 7.6% population fall within the age group of 65-75 which resulted in increased life expectancy around 85 years. It is expected that on reaching the year 2050 the population will around 40 million were 10.6% population is counted within the age group of 65-75 which states that life expectancy in 2050 might reach the mark of 90years (Hornsby, 2017). The third emerging and popular trend is the lifestyle that Australian people carry. People in Australia love to hang out at the iconic beaches and celebrating the success without any worries and carrying the ego and attitude. With the emerging trend in the 21st century, the new sophistication has come up with the innovative and technological development. The world culture and lifestyle of the people have changed and they believe in celebrating the moments and became the culture clings. With the increasing population, the traditions and history of the culture have also been depicted to create the interest among the people to know more about the country and its values (Commonwealth of Australia, 2014). Impact of consumer behaviour The changing and emerging population and culture of the nation directly influence the lifestyle of people and with the growing spam of life and increasing standardisation the purchasing power of the consumer has also increased along with the tastes and fashion. In todays time, the consumers are not having the time to visit the differential stores for making divergent purchases. In the phase where liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation have emerged successfully there the import and export business are also flourishing and with the increasing EX-IM products the varieties and thereby the wide choices are made open in front of the consumers (Dobbs et al. 2016). With the opening of hypermarkets and supermarkets like Woolworth and Wesfarmers the tip to toe everything is made available under the single roof. People visit a single place which is technically known as organised retail markets. It fulfils all the needs of the consumer and even fulfils the entertainment purpose as well. Also after the evolution and emergence of online shopping people wisely make the purchasing decision and compare the products and services accordingly (Cohen, 2017). With the increase in awareness and enhancing knowledge new aspects of shopping are come up constantly. The research has stated that with the initiation of online shopping people have stopped purchasing out. Even the decision-making element of the consumer is changed, they prefer to make online purchases as the quality and reviews of the product are authentic and by making a comparison the best choice can be made and in case if the product does not suites the return policy are also easy and quick. The complaints could be posted and the immediate resolution and refund are given which makes the shopping fun and time-saving. With the introduction of urbanisation, the consumer behaviour has changed a lot. The study has shown that there is around 67% increase in the online shopping and the reason that rests beside is it is a convenient mode and there is security in making purchases as the sites paves the way to cash on delivery as well, in case if the people fear the leakage of bank and other monetary information (Yadav, 2016). Theories of consumer behaviour The consumer behaviour theories have been invented which assists in understanding the human behaviour in the better way. Whilst analysing the consumer behaviour the marketers can make wise choices in promoting the product and what manner the advertisement should be presented to attract maximum consumers in order to increase the sales and gaining major profit (Bernstein, 2016). For understanding the consumer behaviour thoroughly there is need to understand certain theories as discussed above. Other than this to select the market and the manner in which the consumer can be dealt the target market need to be made to analyse the choice, trend, purchasing power and desire of the consumers. Consumer behaviour could be analysed and targeted through the customer oriented strategies. Applying these strategies the market segmentation takes place and then the niche market or the ignored portion of the market is targeted. The consumer behaviour is the dynamic process their tastes changes with the innovation of something new. Their needs are never satisfied and it involves the study of various people. The decision making technique of the consumer is involved which depicts the factor that affects the decision portions of the consumers. The consumer behaviour also involves the emotional and coping aspects to arrive the buying decisions. The consumer referrals also play c rucial role in arriving to the decision. This lead towards the positioning of the brand and hence the development of marketer takes place (Hoyer, Macinnis Pieters, 2013). Conclusion Therefore, from the entire report, it could be concluded that with the increasing urbanisation the trends of population, lifestyle and lifespan of the Australian citizens are also changing. This has resulted in the diversifying consumer behaviour. With the introduction of LPG, the scope and awareness among the consumers have increased and market scenario has changed over time from local retailers to organised retail stores and now the era of online marketing and e-business has taken over the market. 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